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31.
Kiyoshi Baba 《Surveys in Geophysics》2005,26(6):701-731
This review paper presents recent research on electrical conductivity structure in various marine tectonic settings. In at
least three areas, marine electromagnetic studies for structural exploration have increasingly progressed: (1) data accumulations,
(2) technical advances both for hardware and software, and (3) interpretations based on multidisciplinary approaches. The
mid-ocean ridge system is the best-studied tectonic setting. Recent works have revealed evidence of conductive zones of hydrothermal
circulation and axial magma chambers in the crust and partial melt zones of the mid-ocean ridge basalt source in the mantle.
The role of water or dissolved hydrogen and its redistribution at mid-ocean ridges is emphasized for the conductivity pattern
of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere. Regions of mantle upwelling (hotspot or plume) and downwelling (subducting slab)
are attracting attention. Evidence of heterogeneity exists not only in the crust and the upper mantle, but also in the mantle
transition zone. Electrical conductive zones frequently overlap seismic low-velocity zones, but discrepancies are also apparent.
Some studies have compared conductivity models with the results of seismic and other studies to investigate the physical properties
or processes. A new laboratory-based conductivity model for matured oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere is proposed. It
takes account of both the water distribution in the mantle as well as the thermal structure. It explains observed conductivity
patterns in the depth range of 60–200 km. 相似文献
32.
Inversion of tsunami waveforms is a well-established technique for estimating the slip distributions of subduction zone earthquakes, with some of the most detailed results having been obtained for earthquakes in the Nankai Trough, SW Japan. The present study, although it uses a method and tsunami waveform data set almost identical to previous study, aims to improve on previous work by using a more precise specification of initial conditions for the calculation of tsunami Green's functions. Specifically, we incorporated four improvements in the present study: (1) we used a realistic plate model based only on seismic survey results, and assumed it to be the fault plane of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake; (2) the smallest subfaults consistent with the long wavelength approximation were used in the tsunami inversion analysis; (3) we included the effect of horizontal displacement of the ocean bottom on tsunami generation; and (4) we performed a checkerboard resolution test. As obtained in previous studies, a zone of high slip (> 2.0 m) was resolved off the Shima Peninsula. However, the more precise calculation of tsunami Green's functions has revealed additional detail that was not evident in previous studies, which we demonstrate is resolvable and correlates with the position of known faults in the accretionary prism. While there was little or no slip near the trench axis in the eastern part of the rupture zone, there was up to 1.5 m of slip resolved within 30 km of the trough axis in the western part, along the coast of the Kii Peninsula. This troughward slip zone coincides with the position of a large splay fault mapped in multichannel reflection surveys. Furthermore, it is also clear that the upper edge of the Enshu fault off Shima and Atsumi peninsulas is consistent with the up-dip limit of slip in the eastern part of our model. We tested the possibility that slip occurred on the former splay fault instead of on the plate interface during the 1944 Tonankai earthquake, and find that slip on this splay fault is also consistent with the data, although we cannot distinguish whether slip was dominant on the splay fault or on the plate interface. We further suggest that the position of the Enshu fault may be determined by the subduction of topographic highs, and that such faults may have an important influence on the up-dip rupture limit of the 1944 Tonankai and, potentially, other subduction zone earthquakes. 相似文献
33.
Abstract We collected free-gas and in situ fluid samples up to a depth of 200.6 m from the Sagara oil field, central Japan (34°44'N, 138°15'E), during the Sagara Drilling Program (SDP) and measured the concentrations and stable carbon isotopic compositions of CH4 and C2 H6 in the samples. A combination of the CH4 /C2 H6 ratios with the carbon isotope ratios of methane indicates that the hydrocarbon gases are predominantly of thermogenic origin at all depths. The isotope signature of hydrocarbon gases of δ13 < δ13 suggests that these gases in the Sagara oil field are not generated by polymerization, but by the decomposition of organic materials. 相似文献
34.
Shoichiro Fukao Manabu D. Yamanaka Hiromasa Matsumoto Toru Sato Toshitaka Tsuda Susumu Kato 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(2-3):463-479
Vertical and temporal variations of three-dimensional wind velocity associated with an upper-tropospheric cold vortex-tropopause funnel system were observed by an MST radar in Japan (the MU radar). Marked changes of vertical velocity and horizontal wind direction were found between the inside and outside of the cold vortex. The vertical velocity activity outside the vortex was asymmetric; it was most active in a sector before the vortex. Unsaturated internal gravity waves in their generation stage contribute predominantly to the vertical velocity activity, suggesting that tropospheric occluded cyclones may be a possible source of middle-atmospheric gravity waves through the geostrophic adjustment process. 相似文献
35.
Manabu D. Yamanaka Shoichiro Fukao Hiromasa Matsumoto Toru Sato Toshitaka Tsuda Susumu Kato 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(2-3):481-495
Marked wavelike variations of the lower stratospheric wind observed on 7–10 May, 1985 by an MST radar in Japan (by the MU radar) are analyzed assuming that they are induced by monochromatic internal inertio-gravity waves. These variations are mainly composed of two modes (periods: 22 and 24 hours), both of which have zonal phase velocities (C
X
) slower than the mean westerly wind (). A statistical analysis of the zonal phase velocity shows thatC
X
above andC
X
below the tropopause jet stream, which is considered to be a vivid proof of wave selection due to the tropospheric mean flow and upward wave emission from the tropopause jet. A comparison between the MU radar results and routine meteorological observations leads to the conclusion that the marked waves appear when the jet stream takes a maximum wind speed. 相似文献
36.
Vertical profiles of excess bottom222Rn and potential temperature were measured at 23 stations in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The Rn profiles were classified into the following three types: quasi-exponential (type E), benthic boundary layer (type B), and horizontally disturbed (type H). The ratio among types E, B and H was approximately 2 : 3 : 1.An apparent vertical eddy diffusivity (K) was calculated by applying a one-dimensional diffusion model to the Rn profiles of types E and B. Type E had K values ranging from 15 to 180 cm2 s?1 (average: 70 cm2 s?1). As to type B, K values for the benthic boundary layer (4.5–260 cm2 s?1, average: 120 cm2 s?1) were always more than an order of magnitude larger than those for the upper layer (0.2–35 cm2 s?1, average: 7 cm2 s?1), indicating more active vertical mixing in the benthic boundary layer than in the upper layer.Rn profiles were measured in regions where the bottom topography is known. It was verified that the occurrence of type H related closely with local bottom topographic features accompanied by lateral transient supply of Rn-rich or Rn-poor water.A couple of Rn profiles at the same location, measured at time intervals of several years, were compared with each other for three locations. The general characteristics of Rn profiles were shown to remain unaltered with time, while the fine structure of Rn profiles may have short-term variations caused by local bottom topography and fluctuations of bottom current as indicated in type H. 相似文献
37.
Y. Shirasaki F. Kakimoto S. Ogio N. Gironda M. Takeda T. Kaneko H. Yoshii T. Baba S. Sano K. Nishi N. Tajima Y. Yamada S. Shimoda H. Nakatani E. Gotoh K. Murakami Y. Toyoda Y. Matsubara Y. Mizumoto W. Velasquez A. Velarde P. Miranda 《Astroparticle Physics》2001,15(4):118-381
The chemical composition of primary cosmic rays with energies from 1015 to 1016.5 eV, so called “knee” region, is examined. We have observed the time structures of air Čerenkov light associated with air showers at Mt. Chacaltaya, Bolivia, since 1995. The distribution of a parameter that characterizes the observed time structures is compared with that calculated with a Monte Carlo technique for various chemical compositions. Then the energy dependence of the average logarithmic mass numbers ln A of the primary cosmic rays is determined. The present result at 1015.3 eV is almost consistent with the result of JACEE (A12) and shows gradual increase in ln A as a function of the primary energy (A24 at 1016 eV). Form the comparison of the observational results with several theoretical models, we conclude that the supernova explosion of massive stars is a plausible candidate for the origin of cosmic rays around the “knee” region. 相似文献
38.
39.
We investigated the correlation between coastal and offshore tsunami heights by using data from the Dense Oceanfloor Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) observational array of ocean-bottom pressure gauges in the Nankai trough off the Kii Peninsula, Japan. For near-field earthquakes, hydrostatic pressure changes may not accurately indicate sea surface fluctuations, because ocean-bottom pressure gauges are simultaneously displaced by crustal deformation due to faulting. To avoid this problem, we focused on the average waveform of the absolute value of the hydrostatic pressure changes recorded at all the DONET stations during a tsunami. We conducted a Monte Carlo tsunami simulation that revealed a clear relationship between the average waveforms of DONET and tsunami heights at the coast. This result indicates the possibility of accurate real-time prediction of tsunamis by use of arrays of ocean-bottom pressure gauges. 相似文献
40.
The exact role of the transport sector in the development process is still a subject of controversy. Most studies have involved a narrow cost-benefit analysis done on the basis of road usage. However, a better understanding of the complex forces engendered by the introduction of roads into an area, or their improvement, can only be found on both macro- and micro-analytical levels.This study examines the effect of road improvement on its immediate locality. It focuses specifically on the short-term impact of road relocation within the rural area in relation to the following questions: what happens when a trunk road is opened through a hitherto isolated rural area? What happens when there is a permanent diversion of traffic on a transport route, especially with reference to human settlements, socioeconomic activities and community welfare?The study reveals that a locational change of transport route immediately created two distinct zones. The first was a zone of decaying or contracting opportunities along the old route, and then a zone of expanding opportunities along the new route. The implication of this is that the benefits of improved transport routes on the immediate locality may not necessarily be beneficial to all residents. 相似文献